Most Prolithic People In Longevity

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!!!Most Influential Figures in Longevity, Healthspan Extension and Anti-Aging (1-500) Figures across the history of longevity science, healthspan extension, biological rejuvenation, biotech and anti-aging technology. ---- !!I. Historical Pioneers and Early Foundations (1-12) * '''1. Francis Bacon''' (1561-1626) - Authored ''Historia Vitae et Mortis'', the first structured treatise proposing that aging is a physical defect fixable through medicine. * '''2. Luigi Cornaro''' (1467-1566) - Renaissance nobleman whose ''Discorsi della vita sobria'' created the earliest documented framework for calorie control. * '''3. Elie Metchnikoff, Ph.D.''' (1845-1916) - Nobel Laureate who coined ''gerontology'' and advocated targeting gut microflora (probiotics) to delay decay. * '''4. Clive McCay, Ph.D.''' (1898-1967) - Conducted the 1930s Cornell experiments proving calorie restriction extends mammalian lifespan. * '''5. Alexis Carrel, M.D.''' (1873-1944) - Nobel Laureate whose tissue-culture experiments popularized the idea that somatic cells are potentially immortal. * '''6. August Weismann''' (1834-1914) - Evolutionary biologist who formulated the theory that aging evolved to clear older generations. * '''7. Peter Medawar''' (1915-1987) - Nobel Laureate who formulated the Mutation Accumulation Theory of aging. * '''8. George C. Williams''' (1926-2010) - Proposed Antagonistic Pleiotropy, explaining why genes beneficial in youth cause aging later. * '''9. Thomas Kirkwood, FMedSci''' - Formulated the Disposable Soma Theory, framing aging as an energy trade-off between repair and reproduction. * '''10. Alex Comfort, M.B., Ph.D.''' (1920-2000) - Gerontologist who wrote ''The Biology of Senescence'' (1956), systematizing early comparative aging science. * '''11. Johan Bjorksten, Ph.D.''' (1907-1988) - Formulated the Cross-Linking Theory of Aging (protein glycation and structural stiffness). * '''12. Vladimir Dilman, M.D., Ph.D.''' (1925-1994) - Soviet endocrinologist who proposed the neuroendocrine theory of aging and the elevation hypothesis. !!II. Molecular Mechanisms, DNA Repair and Telomeres (13-35) * '''13. Denham Harman, M.D., Ph.D.''' (1916-2014) - Proposed the Free Radical and Mitochondrial Theories of Aging; co-founded AGE. * '''14. Leonard Hayflick, Ph.D.''' (1928-2024) - Discovered the Hayflick Limit (1961): somatic cells have finite replicative capacity. * '''15. Alexey Olovnikov, Ph.D.''' (1936-2022) - Deduced the end-replication problem and predicted telomere shortening. * '''16. Elizabeth Blackburn, Ph.D.''' - 2009 Nobel Laureate for co-discovering telomerase. * '''17. Carol Greider, Ph.D.''' - Co-recipient of the 2009 Nobel Prize for discovering telomerase. * '''18. Jack Szostak, Ph.D.''' - Co-recipient of the 2009 Nobel Prize for showing how telomeres protect chromosome ends. * '''19. Cynthia Kenyon, Ph.D.''' - Showed in 1993 that mutating ''daf-2'' doubles ''C. elegans'' lifespan. * '''20. Gary Ruvkun, Ph.D.''' - Co-discovered insulin/IGF-1 signaling networks regulating metabolism and longevity. * '''21. Roy Walford, M.D.''' (1924-2004) - UCLA pathologist and Biosphere 2 doctor; pioneer of calorie restriction with adequate nutrition. * '''22. Jan Hoeijmakers, Ph.D.''' - Dutch researcher on DNA damage, nucleotide excision repair and premature aging syndromes. * '''23. Vilhelm Bohr, M.D., Ph.D.''' - Pioneer in DNA repair, mitochondrial instability and NAD+ metabolism in neurodegeneration. * '''24. Bjorn Schumacher, Ph.D.''' - Leading expert on genome stability and cell-fate decisions in aging. * '''25. Maria Blasco, Ph.D.''' - CNIO (Spain); pioneer of telomerase gene therapy to extend healthspan in mammals. * '''26. Jan Vijg, Ph.D.''' - Mapped somatic mutation frequencies across tissues and species with single-cell genomics. * '''27. Steven Austad, Ph.D.''' - Scientific Director of AFAR; comparative gerontologist studying long-lived species. * '''28. Andrzej Bartke, Ph.D.''' - Showed growth-hormone-deficient Ames dwarf mice live significantly longer. * '''29. Holly Brown-Borg, Ph.D.''' - Uncovered how growth hormone and IGF pathways govern oxidative stress and lifespan. * '''30. Richard Miller, M.D., Ph.D.''' - Founding figure of the NIA Interventions Testing Program (ITP) for lifespan-extending compounds in mice. * '''31. Rafael de Cabo, Ph.D.''' - NIA branch chief; expert on calorie restriction, fasting and NAD+ modulation. * '''32. Pinchas Cohen, M.D.''' - Dean of USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology; discovered mitochondrial-derived peptides (e.g. MOTS-c). * '''33. Stephen Helfand, M.D.''' - Discovered the ''Indy'' ("I'm Not Dead Yet") mutation extending ''Drosophila'' lifespan. * '''34. Marc Tatar, Ph.D.''' - Mapped insulin/IGF-1 signaling in fruit flies, establishing conserved longevity pathways. * '''35. Nektarios Tavernarakis, Ph.D.''' - Maps autophagy, neurodegeneration and organelle quality control in aging. !!III. Sirtuins, Epigenetics and Reprogramming (36-65) * '''36. David Sinclair, Ph.D.''' - Harvard geneticist and author of ''Lifespan''; popularized NAD+ precursors, sirtuins and epigenetic age reversal. * '''37. Shinya Yamanaka, M.D., Ph.D.''' - Nobel Laureate who discovered the four Yamanaka Factors that reset cell identity. * '''38. Steve Horvath, Ph.D.''' - Developer of the Horvath Epigenetic Clock; established DNA methylation as a leading biological-age biomarker. * '''39. Nir Barzilai, M.D.''' - Lead of the Longevity Genes Project and the TAME (Targeting Aging with Metformin) trial. * '''40. Brian Kennedy, Ph.D.''' - Director at NUS; former Buck Institute president; mTOR signaling and translational healthspan therapeutics. * '''41. Judith Campisi, Ph.D.''' (1948-2024) - Mapped the Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP). * '''42. James Kirkland, M.D., Ph.D.''' - Pioneered senolytics, including dasatinib + quercetin. * '''43. Vadim Gladyshev, Ph.D.''' - Harvard; computational biology of epigenetic clocks, redox regulation and extremophiles. * '''44. Valter Longo, Ph.D.''' - USC; pioneer of Fasting-Mimicking Diets, autophagy and nutrient-sensing longevity. * '''45. Matt Kaeberlein, Ph.D.''' - Gerontologist; former Dog Aging Project co-director; researcher on rapamycin and mTOR. * '''46. Vera Gorbunova, Ph.D.''' - Rochester; uncovered cancer-resistance mechanisms in naked mole-rats. * '''47. Luigi Fontana, M.D., Ph.D.''' - Clinical authority on dietary restriction and lifestyle-driven longevity in humans. * '''48. George Church, Ph.D.''' - Harvard synthetic biologist pioneering multiplex gene therapy for age reversal. * '''49. Manuel Serrano, Ph.D.''' - Pioneer in cellular senescence, tissue repair and in vivo reprogramming. * '''50. Vittorio Sebastiano, Ph.D.''' - Stanford; partial epigenetic reprogramming to rejuvenate human cells. * '''51. Alejandro Ocampo, Ph.D.''' - Co-authored landmark studies showing in vivo partial reprogramming can extend lifespan in mice. * '''52. Leonard Guarente, Ph.D.''' - MIT; identified sirtuins (SIR2) as longevity regulators. * '''53. David Sabatini, M.D., Ph.D.''' - Co-discovered mTOR complexes governing growth, autophagy and aging. * '''54. Morgan Levine, Ph.D.''' - Altos Labs; created PhenoAge and multi-omic biological clocks. * '''55. Eric Verdin, M.D.''' - CEO of the Buck Institute; histone deacetylases, NAD+ metabolism and immunosenescence. * '''56. Anne Brunet, Ph.D.''' - Stanford; epigenetics, neural stem cell aging and killifish longevity. * '''57. Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, Ph.D.''' - Altos Labs; organ regeneration, chimera research and in vivo partial reprogramming. * '''58. Guido Kroemer, M.D., Ph.D.''' - Mapped cell death, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and autophagy. * '''59. Pura Munoz-Canoves, Ph.D.''' - Muscle stem cell aging, proteostasis decline and regenerative failure. * '''60. Eric Topol, M.D.''' - Scripps Research Translational Institute; advocate for AI-driven personalized monitoring. * '''61. Danica Chen, Ph.D.''' - UC Berkeley; sirtuins, metabolic regulation and stem cell rejuvenation. * '''62. Vishwa Deep Dixit, DVM, Ph.D.''' - Yale; immune aging, metabolic inflammation and the inflammasome. * '''63. Shin-ichiro Imai, M.D., Ph.D.''' - NAD+ biology pioneer; systemic longevity network involving NAMPT and NMN. * '''64. Ken Raj, Ph.D.''' - Altos Labs; with Horvath showed epigenetic clocks apply across mammalian species. * '''65. Daniel Belsky, Ph.D.''' - Columbia epidemiologist; developed DunedinPACE, a clock measuring pace of aging. !!IV. Systems Biology, Stem Cells and Regeneration (66-95) * '''66. Michael Levin, Ph.D.''' - Tufts; bioelectricity and morphogenetic fields in regeneration and cell fate. * '''67. Thomas Rando, M.D., Ph.D.''' - UCLA Broad Stem Cell Center; parabiosis and stem cell reactivation. * '''68. Irina Conboy, Ph.D.''' - UC Berkeley; heterochronic parabiosis and the dilution of old blood factors. * '''69. Michael West, Ph.D.''' - Founder of Geron and BioTime; pioneer in human embryonic stem cells. * '''70. Ana Maria Cuervo, M.D., Ph.D.''' - Albert Einstein College; chaperone-mediated autophagy and cellular waste cleanup. * '''71. Toren Finkel, M.D., Ph.D.''' - Aging Institute director at UPMC; oxidative stress, mitochondria and nutrient sensing. * '''72. Tony Wyss-Coray, Ph.D.''' - Stanford; young plasma factors and reversal of brain aging. * '''73. Amy Wagers, Ph.D.''' - Harvard; circulating factors regulating muscle and tissue regeneration. * '''74. Claudio Franceschi, M.D.''' - Coined "inflammaging", chronic low-grade inflammation as an aging driver. * '''75. Frank Madeo, Ph.D.''' - Discovered spermidine as an autophagy inducer extending lifespan across organisms. * '''76. Paul Robbins, Ph.D.''' - Minnesota; senolytic drug development. * '''77. Laura Niedernhofer, M.D., Ph.D.''' - DNA-repair-deficient mouse models and clearing senescent cells. * '''78. David Glass, M.D.''' - Regeneron; muscle atrophy, myostatin signaling and sarcopenia. * '''79. S. Jay Olshansky, Ph.D.''' - Demographer who established statistical bounds on human life expectancy and healthspan. * '''80. Eileen Crimmins, Ph.D.''' - USC demographer mapping biological-age biomarkers in large populations. * '''81. Luigi Ferrucci, M.D., Ph.D.''' - NIA Scientific Director; director of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. * '''82. John Speakman, Ph.D.''' - Energy expenditure, metabolic rate and calorie restriction mechanisms. * '''83. Morten Scheibye-Knudsen, M.D., Ph.D.''' - Copenhagen; AI screening of compounds for DNA repair promotion. * '''84. Richard Morimoto, Ph.D.''' - Northwestern; heat shock response and proteostasis collapse in aging. * '''85. Gordon Lithgow, Ph.D.''' - Buck Institute; high-throughput chemical screening for life extension. * '''86. Coleen Murphy, Ph.D.''' - Princeton; reproductive aging and cognitive decline in model organisms. * '''87. Joseph Baur, Ph.D.''' - Penn; resveratrol, sirtuins and NAD+ metabolism in metabolic health. * '''88. Dudley Lamming, Ph.D.''' - Wisconsin; dietary amino acid restriction and healthspan. * '''89. Rozalyn Anderson, Ph.D.''' - Calorie restriction in rhesus monkeys and metabolic reprogramming. * '''90. Joao Passos, Ph.D.''' - Mayo Clinic; mitochondrial dysfunction-associated senescence and telomere damage. * '''91. Dario Valenzano, Ph.D.''' - Leibniz Institute on Aging; turquoise killifish aging genetics. * '''92. Mina Konigsberg, Ph.D.''' - Mexican biochemist on cellular stress, tissue repair and redox balance in aging. * '''93. Guang-Hui Liu, Ph.D.''' - Chinese Academy of Sciences; human stem cell aging, gene editing and primate rejuvenation. * '''94. Jing Qu, Ph.D.''' - Chinese stem cell biologist; endogenous retroviruses as drivers of senescence. * '''95. Felipe Sierra, Ph.D.''' - Former NIA Division of Aging Biology director; champion of the "geroscience" framing. !!V. Transhumanism, Radical Longevity and Cryonics (96-125) * '''96. Aubrey de Grey, Ph.D.''' - Formulated the SENS framework of seven repairable damage categories; founder of LEV Foundation. * '''97. Robert Ettinger''' (1918-2011) - "Father of Cryonics"; author of ''The Prospect of Immortality'' (1962); founded the Cryonics Institute. * '''98. FM-2030''' (1930-2000) - Transhumanist philosopher of functional immortality and post-human evolution. * '''99. Ray Kurzweil''' - Futurist and author of ''The Singularity Is Near''; predicts technology-enabled radical life extension. * '''100. Max More, Ph.D.''' - Formalized Extropian philosophy; long-time CEO of Alcor. * '''101. Natasha Vita-More, Ph.D.''' - Designer and transhumanist scholar on human enhancement and extended life ethics. * '''102. Saul Kent''' (1939-2023) - Co-founder of Life Extension Foundation and Alcor; funder of cryonics and longevity science. * '''103. Bill Faloon''' - Co-founder of Life Extension Foundation; advocate for accessible supplements. * '''104. Nick Bostrom, Ph.D.''' - Oxford philosopher; author of ''The Fable of the Dragon-Tyrant''. * '''105. Zoltan Istvan''' - Transhumanist activist; ran on pro-life-extension political platforms. * '''106. Michael Rae''' - SENS researcher; co-author of ''Ending Aging''. * '''107. Ben Goertzel, Ph.D.''' - AI pioneer applying AGI to longevity genomics and biomedical modeling. * '''108. Alexey Turchin''' - Transhumanist scholar on risk mitigation and digital immortality. * '''109. Reason''' - Founder of ''Fight Aging!''; CEO of Repair Biotechnologies. * '''110. Emil Kendziorra, M.D.''' - Founder and CEO of Tomorrow Bio, a European cryopreservation company. * '''111. Sonia Arrison''' - Author of ''100+: How the Coming Age of Longevity Will Change Everything''. * '''112. David Pearce''' - Philosopher; co-founder of Humanity+; author of ''The Hedonistic Imperative''. * '''113. Anders Sandberg, Ph.D.''' - Oxford scholar on neuro-preservation, mind uploading and extreme lifespan ethics. * '''114. Sebastian Seung, Ph.D.''' - Princeton neuroscientist advancing connectomics. * '''115. Martine Rothblatt, Ph.D.''' - Founder of United Therapeutics; artificial organs and digital mind clones. * '''116. Kenneth Hayworth, Ph.D.''' - President of the Brain Preservation Foundation; aldehyde-stabilized preservation techniques. * '''117. Gregory Fahy, Ph.D.''' - Cryobiologist; organ vitrification and thymic rejuvenation (TRIIM trial). * '''118. Steve Bridge''' - Former Alcor president; standardized cryopreservation transport protocols. * '''119. Mike Darwin''' - Early cryonics researcher who advanced cardiopulmonary support and vitrification protocols. * '''120. Brian Wowk, Ph.D.''' - 21st Century Medicine physicist; inventor of advanced vitrification solutions. * '''121. Dennis Kowalski''' - President of the Cryonics Institute; paramedic modernizing emergency cryopreservation. * '''122. Ilia Stambler, Ph.D.''' - Historian and advocate mapping international geroscience policy. * '''123. Didier Coeurnelle''' - Co-chair of HEALES; European advocate for treating aging as a medical target. * '''124. Carlos Lopez-Otin, Ph.D.''' - Lead author of ''The Hallmarks of Aging'' (2013, 2023), the field's organizing framework. * '''125. Linda Chamberlain''' - Co-founder of Alcor (1972); built early preservation infrastructure. !!VI. Popularizers, Media Figures and Clinical Translators (126-160) * '''126. Durk Pearson and Sandy Shaw''' - Authors of ''Life Extension'' (1982); brought supplement protocols into popular culture. * '''127. Peter Attia, M.D.''' - Host of ''The Drive''; author of ''Outlive''; advocate of "Medicine 3.0" and healthspan optimization. * '''128. Dan Buettner''' - National Geographic Fellow who documented the Blue Zones. * '''129. Rhonda Patrick, Ph.D.''' - Founder of ''FoundMyFitness''; micronutrients, heat shock and stress adaptation. * '''130. Mark Hyman, M.D.''' - Functional medicine physician; author of ''Young Forever''. * '''131. Brad Stanfield, M.B.Ch.B.''' - New Zealand physician translating longevity clinical trials for digital audiences. * '''132. Andrew Huberman, Ph.D.''' - Stanford neuroscientist; podcast popularizing sleep, circadian and metabolic protocols. * '''133. Mikhail Blagosklonny, M.D., Ph.D.''' - Oncologist; hyperfunction theory and rapamycin for aging. * '''134. Sandra Kaufmann, M.D.''' - Author of ''The Kaufmann Protocol''; categorized anti-aging compounds by mechanism. * '''135. Dale Bredesen, M.D.''' - Author of ''The End of Alzheimer's''; precision metabolic protocols for neurodegeneration. * '''136. Terry Wahls, M.D.''' - Popularized dietary interventions for autoimmune-driven decline. * '''137. Jeffrey Bland, Ph.D.''' - "Father of Functional Medicine". * '''138. Dean Ornish, M.D.''' - Showed lifestyle change can reverse coronary disease and lengthen telomeres. * '''139. Robert Lustig, M.D.''' - Framed hyperinsulinemia and fructose as drivers of metabolic aging. * '''140. James Clement''' - Author of ''The Switch''; supercentenarian genome sequencing. * '''141. Andrea B. Maier, M.D., Ph.D.''' - NUS Centre for Healthy Longevity; translating biomarkers into preventive care. * '''142. Joan Mannick, M.D.''' - Led clinical trials showing mTOR inhibitors enhance immune function in older adults. * '''143. Norman "Ned" Sharpless, M.D.''' - Former NCI director; p16 biomarkers and senescence in tissues. * '''144. Thomas Perls, M.D.''' - Director of the New England Centenarian Study. * '''145. Heike Bischoff-Ferrari, M.D., DrPH''' - Zurich geriatrician; led the DO-HEALTH trial. * '''146. David Karow, M.D., Ph.D.''' - President of Human Longevity Inc.; whole-body MRI screening. * '''147. William Li, M.D.''' - Author of ''Eat to Beat Disease''; angiogenesis and diet. * '''148. James DiNicolantonio, Pharm.D.''' - Author of ''The Longevity Solution''; cardiovascular and mineral research. * '''149. David Perlmutter, M.D.''' - Neurologist; author of ''Grain Brain''. * '''150. Daniel Amen, M.D.''' - Psychiatrist using brain SPECT imaging to promote brain-health protocols. * '''151. Jason Fung, M.D.''' - Nephrologist; popularized intermittent fasting for metabolic health. * '''152. Hal Barron, M.D.''' - CEO of Altos Labs; former GSK R&D chief and Genentech executive. * '''153. Michael Roizen, M.D.''' - Cleveland Clinic Chief Wellness Officer; author of ''The Great Age Reboot''. * '''154. Sanjay Gupta, M.D.''' - Neurosurgeon and media correspondent; author of ''Keep Sharp''. * '''155. David J. Waters, D.V.M., Ph.D.''' - Center for Exceptional Longevity Studies; studies of long-lived dogs. * '''156. William A. Haseltine, Ph.D.''' - Biotech pioneer; author on public health strategies for healthy aging. * '''157. Mark Mattson, Ph.D.''' - Former NIA neuroscientist; intermittent fasting and neuronal resilience. * '''158. Florence Comite, M.D.''' - Founder of the Comite Center for Precision Medicine. * '''159. Ron Klatz, M.D., D.O.''' - Co-founder and president of A4M, which trains physicians in anti-aging medicine. * '''160. Robert Goldman, M.D., D.O.''' - Co-founder and chairman of A4M. !!VII. Investors, Venture Capitalists and Philanthropists (161-185) * '''161. Bryan Johnson''' - Creator of Project Blueprint; data-driven self-experimentation in rejuvenation. * '''162. Peter Thiel''' - Founders Fund; early funder of SENS, Methuselah Foundation and longevity biotechs. * '''163. Laura Deming''' - Founded the Longevity Fund at 18; VC dedicated to aging therapeutics. * '''164. Sam Altman''' - OpenAI CEO; invested $180M in Retro Biosciences. * '''165. Jeff Bezos''' - Reported primary backer of Altos Labs. * '''166. Yuri Milner''' - Co-backer of Altos Labs. * '''167. David Gobel''' - Co-founder of the Methuselah Foundation and the Mprize. * '''168. Jim Mellon''' - Investor; author of ''Juvenescence''; co-founder of Juvenescence Ltd. * '''169. Sergey Young''' - Founder of Longevity Vision Fund; author of ''The Science and Technology of Growing Young''. * '''170. Christian Angermayer''' - Apeiron Investment Group; investor in Cambrian Biopharma and others. * '''171. James Peyer, Ph.D.''' - Founder and CEO of Cambrian Biopharma. * '''172. Vitalik Buterin''' - Ethereum creator; major donor to SENS, Methuselah and open geroscience. * '''173. Marc Andreessen''' - Venture capitalist funding AI-driven drug discovery and biotech. * '''174. Tobias Lutke''' - Shopify founder; funder of open-science and healthspan initiatives. * '''175. Jed McCaleb''' - Astera Institute founder; funder of exploratory science and bio-infrastructure. * '''176. Garri Zmudze''' - Managing Partner at LongeVC. * '''177. Sergey Jakimov''' - Co-founder and Managing Partner at LongeVC. * '''178. Dmitry Kaminskiy''' - Head of Deep Knowledge Ventures; longevity sector analytics. * '''179. Nils Regge''' - Co-founder of Apollo Health Ventures. * '''180. Jens Eckstein, Ph.D.''' - Managing Partner at Apollo Health Ventures. * '''181. Patrick Collison''' - Stripe co-founder; Fast Grants and Arc Institute backer. * '''182. Brian Armstrong''' - Coinbase co-founder; ResearchHub and NewLimit backer. * '''183. Fred Ehrsam''' - Co-founder of Coinbase and Paradigm; investor in aging research. * '''184. Esther Dyson''' - Angel investor; founder of Wellville. * '''185. Vinod Khosla''' - Khosla Ventures; early-stage AI drug discovery and diagnostics. !!VIII. Ecosystem Builders, Biotech CEOs and Innovators (186-200) * '''186. Alex Zhavoronkov, Ph.D.''' - CEO of Insilico Medicine; generative AI for aging targets and drug discovery. * '''187. Joe Betts-LaCroix''' - Founder and CEO of Retro Biosciences. * '''188. Celine Halioua''' - Founder and CEO of Loyal, developing lifespan-extension drugs for dogs; its lead program has reached a regulatory milestone on efficacy data (not full approval). * '''189. Nathaniel David, Ph.D.''' - Co-founder of Unity Biotechnology, an early senolytics company. * '''190. Kristen Fortney, Ph.D.''' - Co-founder and CEO of BioAge Labs. * '''191. Martin Borch Jensen, Ph.D.''' - CSO of Gordian Biotechnology; initiator of Impetus Grants. * '''192. Tina Woods''' - CEO of Business for Health; UK healthy-ageing policy advocate. * '''193. Stephanie Lederman''' - Executive Director of AFAR. * '''194. Margaretta Colangelo''' - Co-founder of Deep Knowledge Group; analyst of AI in longevity biotech. * '''195. David Luu, M.D.''' - Founder of longevitydocs; clinical education for longevity medicine. * '''196. Marco Quarta, Ph.D.''' - Co-founder and CEO of Rubedo Life Sciences. * '''197. Sonia Melo, Ph.D.''' - Portuguese researcher on exosome-mediated cell communication and aging signaling. * '''198. Lorna Harries, Ph.D.''' - University of Exeter; splicing factor restoration in senescent cells. * '''199. Peter Fedichev, Ph.D.''' - CEO of Gero; physics-based models of aging. * '''200. Andrei Seluanov, Ph.D.''' - Rochester; naked mole-rat cancer resistance and hyaluronan research with Gorbunova. ---- !!IX. Early Theorists, Gerontology Founders and Biochemical Foundations (201-225) * '''201. Charles-Edouard Brown-Sequard''' (1817-1894) - Reported self-injecting animal testicular extracts in 1889, launching organotherapy. * '''202. Serge Voronoff''' (1866-1951) - Grafted primate gland tissue in the 1920s; discredited but a landmark of rejuvenation history. * '''203. Eugen Steinach''' (1861-1944) - Austrian physiologist behind the "Steinach operation" and early sex-hormone research. * '''204. Charles Sedgwick Minot''' (1852-1914) - Harvard anatomist; ''The Problem of Age, Growth, and Death''. * '''205. Raymond Pearl''' (1879-1940) - Rate-of-living hypothesis; early ''Drosophila'' longevity studies. * '''206. Benjamin Gompertz''' (1779-1865) - Described the exponential rise in adult mortality (Gompertz law). * '''207. Nathan Shock''' (1906-1989) - Founded the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. * '''208. Robert N. Butler''' (1927-2010) - Coined "ageism"; first director of the NIA. * '''209. Bernard Strehler''' (1925-2001) - Author of ''Time, Cells, and Aging''. * '''210. Paul Moorhead''' - Co-discoverer with Hayflick of finite cell replicative lifespan (1961). * '''211. Leslie Orgel''' (1927-2007) - Proposed the "error catastrophe" hypothesis (1963). * '''212. Zhores Medvedev''' (1925-2018) - Soviet biochemist; macromolecular-damage theory of aging. * '''213. Rebeca Gerschman''' - Argentine physiologist; 1954 oxygen toxicity and free radicals work. * '''214. Irwin Fridovich''' - Co-discovered superoxide dismutase (1969). * '''215. Bruce Ames''' - Triage theory of micronutrient deficiency and mitochondrial decay. * '''216. Lester Packer''' - Antioxidant networks, lipoic acid and vitamin E recycling. * '''217. Caleb Finch''' - USC; ''Longevity, Senescence, and the Genome''; inflammation and brain aging. * '''218. Michael R. Rose''' - UC Irvine; long-lived ''Drosophila'' lines; ''Evolutionary Biology of Aging''. * '''219. James Vaupel''' - Demographer of mortality plateaus and heterogeneity at extreme ages. * '''220. James Carey''' - UC Davis; 1992 medfly study showing mortality leveling at advanced ages. * '''221. Edward Masoro''' - Mechanisms of calorie restriction in rodents. * '''222. George M. Martin''' - University of Washington; Werner syndrome; founder of modern biogerontology. * '''223. Richard Cutler''' - NIA; determinants of mammalian longevity. * '''224. Huber Warner''' - Long-time director of NIA's Biology of Aging Program. * '''225. Vladimir Anisimov''' - St. Petersburg gerontologist; melatonin and metformin lifespan studies. !!X. Model-Organism Genetics and Evolution of Aging (226-255) * '''226. Michael Klass''' - Isolated the first long-lived ''C. elegans'' mutants (1983). * '''227. Thomas E. Johnson''' - Identified ''age-1'' (1988), the first single-gene lifespan extension in animals. * '''228. David Friedman''' - Co-author with Johnson on ''age-1''. * '''229. Siegfried Hekimi''' - McGill; ''clk-1'' mutants, linking mitochondria to lifespan. * '''230. Linda Partridge''' - UCL/Max Planck; dietary restriction and insulin signaling in flies. * '''231. Heidi Tissenbaum''' - Showed with Guarente that extra ''sir-2.1'' extends worm lifespan. * '''232. Andrew Dillin''' - Berkeley; cell-non-autonomous stress response signaling and longevity. * '''233. Pankaj Kapahi''' - Buck Institute; dietary restriction, TOR and glycation. * '''234. Malene Hansen''' - Buck Institute; autophagy in lifespan extension. * '''235. Adam Antebi''' - Max Planck Cologne; nutrient and hormone signaling in longevity. * '''236. Seung-Jae V. Lee''' - Korean geneticist mapping longevity pathways in ''C. elegans''. * '''237. William Mair''' - Harvard; AMPK, CRTC-1 and dietary restriction. * '''238. Cole Haynes''' - Defined the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. * '''239. Keith Blackwell''' - Joslin; SKN-1/Nrf2 in stress resistance and longevity. * '''240. Monica Driscoll''' - Rutgers; discovered "exophers" in worms. * '''241. David Gems''' - UCL; hyperfunction and quasi-program view of aging. * '''242. Scott Pletcher''' - Michigan; sensory perception modulates ''Drosophila'' lifespan. * '''243. David W. Walker''' - UCLA; mitochondria and exercise in fly aging. * '''244. Daniel Gottschling''' - Calico; yeast replicative aging and vacuolar acidity. * '''245. Michael N. Hall''' - Basel; co-discovered TOR. * '''246. Shelley Berger''' - Penn; histone modifications in aging and metabolism. * '''247. Stuart K. Kim''' - Stanford; transcriptomic aging in worms and humans. * '''248. Gary Churchill''' - Jackson Laboratory; Diversity Outbred mice and aging traits. * '''249. Warren Ladiges''' - University of Washington; geropathology and mouse aging models. * '''250. Daniel Promislow''' - University of Washington; co-leader of the Dog Aging Project. * '''251. Kate Creevy''' - Texas A&M; Chief Veterinary Officer of the Dog Aging Project. * '''252. Alexey Moskalev''' - Russian biogerontologist; geroprotector databases. * '''253. Thomas Nystrom''' - Gothenburg; protein aggregation and asymmetric damage inheritance in yeast. * '''254. Sean Curran''' - USC; dietary and stress-response regulation of lifespan. * '''255. Arjumand Ghazi''' - Pittsburgh; insulin signaling and reproductive-longevity crosstalk. !!XI. Cellular Senescence, Senolytics and Telomere Biology (256-285) * '''256. Jan van Deursen''' - Mayo Clinic; senescent-cell-clearing mouse models; Unity co-founder. * '''257. Darren Baker''' - Mayo Clinic; senescent-cell clearance with van Deursen. * '''258. Tamar Tchkonia''' - Mayo Clinic; helped develop senolytics. * '''259. Yi Zhu''' - Mayo Clinic; co-discoverer of dasatinib + quercetin senolytics. * '''260. Nathan LeBrasseur''' - Mayo Clinic; senescence, physical function and muscle. * '''261. Ming Xu''' - Senescent-cell transplantation and senolytic effects on function. * '''262. Peter Adams''' - Sanford Burnham Prebys; chromatin and senescence. * '''263. Jesus Gil''' - Imperial College; SASP regulation. * '''264. Marco Demaria''' - Groningen; senescence in cancer therapy and aging. * '''265. Domenico Coppe''' - Campisi lab; helped define the SASP. * '''266. Francis Rodier''' - Montreal; DNA damage response and SASP. * '''267. Valery Krizhanovsky''' - Weizmann; immune surveillance of senescent cells. * '''268. Scott Lowe''' - Memorial Sloan Kettering; senescence and tumor suppression. * '''269. Daniel Munoz-Espin''' - Cambridge; senolytic prodrugs and nanoparticles. * '''270. Mikolaj Ogrodnik''' - Senescent cells in neurodegeneration and tauopathy. * '''271. Peter de Keizer''' - Utrecht; FOXO4-DRI senolytic peptide. * '''272. Ana O'Loghlen''' - Queen Mary University of London; epigenetics and extracellular vesicles in senescence. * '''273. Thomas von Zglinicki''' - Newcastle; telomere damage, mitochondria and senescence. * '''274. Diana Jurk''' - Newcastle; telomere-associated damage in tissue aging. * '''275. Sundeep Khosla''' - Mayo Clinic; senescent cells and bone loss. * '''276. Jean Hebert''' - Albert Einstein College; proposed gradual brain-tissue replacement. * '''277. Corina Amor Vegas''' - Developed CAR-T cells targeting senescent cells (uPAR) in mice. * '''278. Titia de Lange''' - Rockefeller; shelterin and telomere protection. * '''279. Jerry Shay''' - UT Southwestern; hTERT immortalization of human cells. * '''280. Woodring Wright''' - UT Southwestern; co-discoverer of hTERT-driven immortalization. * '''281. Ronald DePinho''' - Showed telomerase reactivation reverses tissue degeneration in mice. * '''282. Calvin Harley''' - Geron co-founder; early telomerase pioneer. * '''283. Bill Andrews''' - Founder of Sierra Sciences; telomerase-activator advocate (contested). * '''284. Peter Lansdorp''' - Developer of Flow-FISH telomere length measurement. * '''285. Mary Armanios''' - Johns Hopkins; telomere biology disorders. !!XII. Reprogramming, Epigenetic Clocks, DNA Repair and Emerging Rejuvenation Biotech (286-315) * '''286. Rudolf Jaenisch''' - MIT; iPSC therapeutic proof-of-concept and epigenetic reprogramming. * '''287. Konrad Hochedlinger''' - Harvard/MGH; mechanisms of cellular reprogramming. * '''288. Wolf Reik''' - Altos Labs Cambridge; epigenetic rejuvenation. * '''289. Yuancheng Lu''' - Co-led 2020 optic nerve vision restoration via partial reprogramming (OSK). * '''290. Ake T. Lu''' - Horvath lab; pan-mammalian epigenetic clocks. * '''291. Trey Ideker''' - UCSD systems biologist; molecular networks of aging. * '''292. Michael Snyder''' - Stanford; multi-omics "ageotypes". * '''293. Andrew Teschendorff''' - Computational epigeneticist (EpiTOC and related clocks). * '''294. Gregory Hannum''' - Developer of the Hannum epigenetic clock (2013). * '''295. Albert Higgins-Chen''' - Yale; PC clocks improving reliability. * '''296. Mahdi Moqri''' - Harvard; standards for biomarkers of aging. * '''297. Peter Walter''' - Altos Labs; unfolded protein response pioneer. * '''298. Richard Klausner''' - Altos Labs co-founder; former NCI director. * '''299. Noah Davidsohn''' - Co-founder of Rejuvenate Bio. * '''300. Jacob Kimmel''' - Co-founder of NewLimit. * '''301. Blake Byers''' - Investor and NewLimit co-founder. * '''302. Daniel Ives''' - CEO of Shift Bioscience; single-gene rejuvenation targets. * '''303. K. Lenhard Rudolph''' - Leibniz Institute on Aging (Jena); stem cell aging and telomeres. * '''304. Weiqi Zhang''' - Beijing; human aging cell atlases. * '''305. Hiroshi Kondoh''' - Kyoto; senescence and metabolic regulation. * '''306. Masashi Narita''' - Cambridge; senescence, autophagy and chromatin. * '''307. Lindsay Wu''' - UNSW; NAD+ metabolism and aging. * '''308. Nigel Turner''' - UNSW; mitochondria and NAD+ precursors. * '''309. Makoto Kuro-o''' - Discovered the longevity gene ''klotho'' (1997). * '''310. Dena Dubal''' - UCSF; klotho enhances cognition. * '''311. Ilaria Bellantuono''' - Sheffield; frailty and senolytic bone interventions. * '''312. Derrick Rossi''' - mRNA-based reprogramming; Moderna co-founder. * '''313. Tomas Lindahl''' - Nobel laureate; DNA base-excision repair. * '''314. Aziz Sancar''' - Nobel laureate; nucleotide excision repair. * '''315. Paul Modrich''' - Nobel laureate; DNA mismatch repair. !!XIII. Mitochondria, NAD+, Metabolism and Intervention Testing (316-345) * '''316. Douglas Wallace''' - Pioneer of mitochondrial genetics and mtDNA disease. * '''317. Nils-Goran Larsson''' - Mitochondrial geneticist; mtDNA mutator mice. * '''318. Gerald Shadel''' - Salk; mtDNA stress, innate immunity and aging. * '''319. Johan Auwerx''' - EPFL; NAD+ metabolism and mitophagy. * '''320. Charles Brenner''' - Discovered nicotinamide riboside as a vitamin B3 form. * '''321. Simon Melov''' - Buck; mitochondrial oxidative stress. * '''322. Marcia Haigis''' - Harvard; mitochondrial sirtuins. * '''323. Reuben Shaw''' - Salk; AMPK and LKB1 signaling. * '''324. Satchin Panda''' - Salk circadian biologist; time-restricted eating. * '''325. Krista Varady''' - UIC; alternate-day fasting trials. * '''326. Eric Ravussin''' - Pennington; CALERIE human calorie restriction trial. * '''327. Leanne Redman''' - Pennington; metabolic adaptation in CALERIE. * '''328. Susan B. Roberts''' - CALERIE investigator. * '''329. Ronald Evans''' - Salk; nuclear receptors and "exercise mimetics". * '''330. Bruce Spiegelman''' - Harvard; discoverer of PGC-1alpha. * '''331. David Le Couteur''' - Sydney geriatrician; nutritional geometry and aging. * '''332. Stephen Simpson''' - Sydney; geometric framework of macronutrients and lifespan. * '''333. Michael Ristow''' - ETH; proposed mitohormesis. * '''334. C. Ronald Kahn''' - Joslin; insulin signaling and longevity. * '''335. Dominic D'Agostino''' - USF; ketones and metabolic therapy. * '''336. John Newman''' - Buck; ketone-based interventions. * '''337. David Harrison''' - Jackson Laboratory; NIA Interventions Testing Program. * '''338. Randy Strong''' - UT Health San Antonio; ITP rapamycin studies. * '''339. Z. Dave Sharp''' - Co-author of the 2009 study showing rapamycin extends mouse lifespan. * '''340. Arlan Richardson''' - Oklahoma; dietary restriction and oxidative stress. * '''341. Veronica Galvan''' - Rapamycin in Alzheimer's mouse models. * '''342. Lloyd Klickstein''' - Early clinical development of mTOR inhibitors for immune aging. * '''343. Jose Vina''' - Valencia; free radicals, frailty and antioxidants. * '''344. Sebastian Brandhorst''' - USC; fasting-mimicking diet research with Longo. * '''345. Richard Weindruch''' - Wisconsin; rhesus calorie restriction studies. !!XIV. Immunity, Stem Cells, Regeneration and Proteostasis (346-375) * '''346. Janko Nikolich-Zugich''' - Arizona; T-cell aging and vaccine response. * '''347. Jorg Goronzy''' - Stanford; immune system aging. * '''348. Cornelia Weyand''' - T-cell metabolism and autoimmune aging. * '''349. Rita Effros''' - UCLA; T-cell replicative senescence. * '''350. Graham Pawelec''' - Tubingen; immunosenescence and CMV. * '''351. Hartmut Geiger''' - Ulm; hematopoietic stem cell aging. * '''352. Margaret Goodell''' - Baylor; clonal hematopoiesis. * '''353. Benjamin Ebert''' - Dana-Farber; clonal hematopoiesis. * '''354. Siddhartha Jaiswal''' - Stanford; clonal hematopoiesis and cardiovascular risk. * '''355. Irving Weissman''' - Stanford; isolation of hematopoietic stem cells. * '''356. Helen Blau''' - Stanford; muscle stem cell aging and rejuvenation. * '''357. Fred "Rusty" Gage''' - Salk; adult neurogenesis in humans. * '''358. Salvador Aznar Benitah''' - IRB Barcelona; stem cells, circadian rhythm and aging. * '''359. Emmanuelle Passegue''' - Columbia; hematopoietic stem cells. * '''360. Hiromitsu Nakauchi''' - Stanford/Tokyo; interspecies organ generation. * '''361. Anthony Atala''' - Wake Forest; tissue engineering. * '''362. Jennifer Elisseeff''' - Johns Hopkins; regenerative biomaterials. * '''363. Yoshinori Ohsumi''' - 2016 Nobel laureate; autophagy mechanisms. * '''364. Beth Levine''' (1960-2020) - Autophagy pioneer; identified Beclin 1. * '''365. Daniel Klionsky''' - Michigan; helped define autophagy as a field. * '''366. Noboru Mizushima''' - Tokyo; autophagy-related genes. * '''367. F. Ulrich Hartl''' - Max Planck; chaperones and protein folding. * '''368. Jeffery Kelly''' - Scripps; proteostasis. * '''369. Judith Frydman''' - Stanford; chaperones and protein aggregation. * '''370. Randal Kaufman''' - Unfolded protein response. * '''371. Michael Conboy''' - Berkeley; blood factors and rejuvenation with Irina Conboy. * '''372. Hans Clevers''' - Organoid pioneer enabling aging and regeneration models. * '''373. Kazutoshi Mori''' - Kyoto; discovered the unfolded protein response. * '''374. Francis Collins''' - Helped identify the progeria gene; former NIH director. * '''375. Leslie Gordon''' - Progeria Research Foundation; lonafarnib development. !!XV. Human Longevity, Epidemiology and Clinical Geroscience (376-405) * '''376. Kaare Christensen''' - Danish twin studies of longevity heritability. * '''377. P. Eline Slagboom''' - Leiden; longevity family studies. * '''378. Rudi Westendorp''' - Leiden; aging and longevity families. * '''379. Joris Deelen''' - Max Planck; genetics of human longevity. * '''380. Paola Sebastiani''' - Biostatistician; centenarian genetics. * '''381. Yousin Suh''' - Columbia; centenarians and genome stability. * '''382. Gil Atzmon''' - Albert Einstein; centenarian genetics. * '''383. Michel Poulain''' - Demographer; helped identify the Sardinian longevity zone. * '''384. Gianni Pes''' - Co-discoverer of the Sardinian longevity zone. * '''385. Jeanne Calment''' (1875-1997) - Verified longevity record-holder at 122 years. * '''386. Robert Young''' - Supercentenarian verification specialist. * '''387. Craig Willcox''' - Okinawa Centenarian Study. * '''388. Bradley Willcox''' - Okinawa Centenarian Study co-lead. * '''389. Makoto Suzuki''' - Founder of the Okinawa Centenarian Study. * '''390. Stephen Kritchevsky''' - Wake Forest; clinical geroscience trials. * '''391. Anne Newman''' - Pittsburgh epidemiologist; aging and function. * '''392. Jeremy Walston''' - Johns Hopkins; frailty. * '''393. Linda Fried''' - Columbia; defined the frailty phenotype. * '''394. Jack Guralnik''' - Physical performance measures in aging research. * '''395. Marco Pahor''' - Led the LIFE trial in older adults. * '''396. George Kuchel''' - UConn geriatrician and aging center director. * '''397. Elissa Epel''' - UCSF; stress, telomeres and aging. * '''398. Jue Lin''' - UCSF telomere biologist. * '''399. Avshalom Caspi''' - Co-lead of the Dunedin Study. * '''400. Terrie Moffitt''' - Co-lead of the Dunedin Study. * '''401. Sofiya Milman''' - Centenarians' offspring and longevity genetics. * '''402. Jamie Justice''' - Executive Director of XPRIZE Healthspan. * '''403. Jennifer Garrison''' - Buck Institute; reproductive aging. * '''404. Sarah Harper''' - Oxford; population aging. * '''405. Andrew Scott''' - London Business School; co-author of ''The 100-Year Life''. !!XVI. Comparative Biology and Cancer Resistance (406-415) * '''406. Rochelle Buffenstein''' - Calico; naked mole-rat longevity. * '''407. Joao Pedro de Magalhaes''' - Liverpool; AnAge and HAGR databases. * '''408. Joshua Schiffman''' - Utah oncologist; elephant TP53 and cancer resistance. * '''409. Vincent Lynch''' - Buffalo; elephant tumor-suppression genes. * '''410. Carlo Maley''' - ASU; evolution of cancer and Peto's paradox. * '''411. Richard Peto''' - Oxford; posed Peto's paradox. * '''412. Alessandro Cellerino''' - Pisa; turquoise killifish. * '''413. Matthias Platzer''' - Jena; sequenced the killifish genome. * '''414. Julius Nielsen''' - Led the study estimating Greenland shark lifespans at centuries. * '''415. Alexey Kondrashov''' - Evolutionary geneticist; mutation load and aging. !!XVII. Policy, Institutions, Advocacy and Media (416-440) * '''416. Richard Hodes''' - Long-time director of the National Institute on Aging. * '''417. Mehmood Khan''' - CEO of Hevolution Foundation. * '''418. Jim O'Neill''' - Former SENS Research Foundation CEO; later senior U.S. health policy roles. * '''419. Joon Yun''' - Investor; launched the Palo Alto Longevity Prize. * '''420. Keith Comito''' - Co-founder of Lifespan.io. * '''421. Oliver Medvedik''' - Cooper Union; Lifespan.io co-founder. * '''422. Elena Milova''' - Russian advocate; Science for Life Extension co-founder. * '''423. Mikhail Batin''' - Russian advocate; Open Longevity founder. * '''424. Vladimir Skulachev''' (1935-2023) - Russian biochemist; programmed aging ("phenoptosis") and SkQ. * '''425. Josh Mitteldorf''' - Biologist and author promoting programmed-aging theory (contested). * '''426. Dave Asprey''' - Biohacking popularizer; Bulletproof founder. * '''427. Kris Verburgh''' - Belgian physician; author of ''The Longevity Code''. * '''428. Antonio Regalado''' - MIT Technology Review journalist covering Altos, Retro and others. * '''429. Stephen S. Hall''' - Author of ''Merchants of Immortality'' (2003). * '''430. Jonathan Weiner''' - Author of ''Long for This World''. * '''431. Bill Gifford''' - Author of ''Spring Chicken''. * '''432. Liz Parrish''' - BioViva CEO; self-experimental gene therapy claims (contested). * '''433. Harold Katcher''' - Yuvan Research co-founder; plasma "E5" claims (contested). * '''434. Alana Officer''' - WHO lead for the Decade of Healthy Ageing. * '''435. Laura Carstensen''' - Founder of the Stanford Center on Longevity. * '''436. Ken Dychtwald''' - Age Wave founder. * '''437. Paul Irving''' - Milken Institute Center for the Future of Aging. * '''438. Michael Hodin''' - Founder of the Global Coalition on Aging. * '''439. Peter Diamandis''' - XPRIZE founder; co-founder of Human Longevity Inc. * '''440. J. Craig Venter''' - Genomics pioneer; founder of Human Longevity Inc. !!XVIII. Cryonics, Transhumanism and Futurists (441-456) * '''441. Julian Huxley''' - Popularized the term "transhumanism" (1957). * '''442. Nikolai Fyodorov''' - Russian philosopher; Cosmism and conquering death. * '''443. Marvin Minsky''' - AI pioneer; Alcor scientific advisor. * '''444. Terry Grossman''' - Physician; co-author of ''Fantastic Voyage'' with Kurzweil. * '''445. James Hughes''' - Sociologist and bioethicist; IEET founder. * '''446. Gennady Stolyarov II''' - U.S. Transhumanist Party leader. * '''447. Maria Konovalenko''' - Russian life-extension advocate. * '''448. Jose Luis Cordeiro''' - Futurist; author of ''The Death of Death''. * '''449. David Wood''' - London Futurists chair. * '''450. Ralph Merkle''' - Cryptographer and nanotechnologist; cryonics advocate. * '''451. K. Eric Drexler''' - Nanotechnology theorist (''Engines of Creation''). * '''452. Robert Freitas''' - Nanomedicine author. * '''453. Robert McIntyre''' - Co-founder of Nectome; aldehyde-stabilized preservation. * '''454. James Bedford''' (1893-1967) - First person cryopreserved (1967). * '''455. Fred Chamberlain''' - Co-founder of Alcor. * '''456. Michael Fossel''' - Author of ''Reversing Human Aging''; telomerase-therapy advocate. !!XIX. Clinical, Biomedical and Systems Scientists (457-479) * '''457. Bruce Yankner''' - Harvard; brain aging and REST. * '''458. Carol Barnes''' - Arizona; cognitive aging. * '''459. Peter Libby''' - Harvard cardiologist; inflammation in cardiovascular disease. * '''460. Paul Ridker''' - Led the CANTOS trial of anti-inflammatory therapy in heart disease. * '''461. Jonathan Tilly''' - Northeastern; ovarian stem cell work (contested). * '''462. Kutluk Oktay''' - Fertility preservation and ovarian aging pioneer. * '''463. Robert Weinberg''' - MIT; telomerase and cancer hallmarks. * '''464. Douglas Hanahan''' - Co-author of Hallmarks of Cancer, which inspired the Hallmarks of Aging. * '''465. Anthony Cerami''' - Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). * '''466. Vincent Monnier''' - Glycation in aging. * '''467. Thomas Flatt''' - Evolutionary genetics of aging in flies. * '''468. Collin Ewald''' - ETH; extracellular matrix and longevity. * '''469. Aleksandra Trifunovic''' - Cologne; mtDNA mutations in aging. * '''470. Thomas Langer''' - Max Planck; mitochondrial quality control. * '''471. David Furman''' - Buck/Stanford; inflammatory age metrics. * '''472. Daniel Rudman''' - Author of the 1990 growth-hormone study in older men. * '''473. Stephen Spindler''' - UC Riverside; calorie-restriction mimetics. * '''474. Rudolph Tanzi''' - Harvard; Alzheimer's genetics and brain aging. * '''475. Leroy Hood''' - Systems biologist; longitudinal wellness studies. * '''476. Nathan Price''' - Systems biologist; personalized wellness and aging data. * '''477. Edward Lakatta''' - NIA; cardiovascular aging. * '''478. George Roth''' - NIA; primate calorie restriction; GeroScience co-founder. * '''479. Donald Ingram''' - NIA; primate calorie restriction and mimetics. !!XX. Funders, Founders and Biotech Operators (480-500) * '''480. Larry Ellison''' - Funded the Ellison Medical Foundation's aging-research program. * '''481. Paul F. Glenn''' - Founded the Glenn Foundation for Medical Research. * '''482. Sergey Brin''' - Google co-founder; early Calico backer. * '''483. Larry Page''' - Google co-founder; Calico founding backer. * '''484. Arthur Levinson''' - Former Genentech CEO; Calico CEO. * '''485. David Botstein''' - Geneticist; Calico chief scientific officer. * '''486. Bill Maris''' - Founder of Google Ventures; helped launch Calico. * '''487. Greg Bailey''' - Juvenescence co-founder and senior executive. * '''488. Michael Greve''' - Founder of Forever Healthy Foundation and Kizoo. * '''489. Thomas Okarma''' - Geron CEO during the first embryonic stem cell clinical trial. * '''490. Daniel Kraft''' - Physician-inventor; Exponential Medicine founder. * '''491. Anirvan Ghosh''' - Former CEO of Unity Biotechnology. * '''492. Robert Hariri''' - Founder of Celularity. * '''493. Eric Marcotulli''' - CEO of Elysium Health. * '''494. Rob Fried''' - CEO of ChromaDex. * '''495. Alex Aliper''' - Co-founder and president of Insilico Medicine. * '''496. Feng Ren''' - Chief scientific officer at Insilico Medicine. * '''497. Matthew Scholz''' - Co-founder of Oisin Biotechnologies; gene therapies against senescent cells. * '''498. Yuri Deigin''' - Co-founder of Youthereum Genetics. * '''499. Alexandra Stolzing''' - Loughborough; stem cell aging and regenerative medicine. * '''500. Gil Blander''' - Founder of InsideTracker.
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